Impacto del liderazgo en el desempeño organizacional de las empresas comerciales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47187/mktdescubre.26.60Palabras clave:
Desempeño organizacional, Empresas comerciales, Estilos de liderazgo, Modelo TobitResumen
El presente estudio analiza el impacto de los estilos de liderazgo transformacional, transaccional y laissez-faire en el desempeño organizacional de empresas del sector comercial. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Liderazgo Multifactorial (MLQ) a una muestra estratificada de 500 empresas. El desempeño organizacional se midió a través de un índice compuesto por tres indicadores clave de rendimiento (KPI): tasa de cumplimiento de ventas (40 %), nivel de satisfacción del cliente (30 %) e índice de cumplimiento de tareas (30 %). Además, se incorporaron variables de control como el tamaño de la empresa, el sector comercial, los años promedio de experiencia y escolaridad del personal, el porcentaje de gerentes, la percepción sobre los recursos disponibles y la calidad de los programas de capacitación y desarrollo. Dado que la variable dependiente presenta una naturaleza acotada, se utilizó un modelo de regresión Tobit para una estimación más precisa de los efectos.
Los resultados evidencian que tanto el liderazgo transformacional como el transaccional inciden de manera positiva y significativa en el desempeño organizacional, siendo el liderazgo transformacional el que genera el mayor impacto. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de fomentar estilos de liderazgo proactivos para mejorar los resultados empresariales en el sector comercial.
Citas
1. Afsar, B., & Umrani, W. A. (2020). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of motivation to learn, task complexity and innovation climate. European Journal of Innovation Management, 23(3), 402–428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2018-0257
2. Aggarwal, J., Yuki, G. A., & Gardner, W. L. (2022). Leadership in Organizations. Pearson Education, Inc. Journal of Leadership Studies, 16(3), 57-60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21826
3. Al Khajeh, E. H. (2018). Impact of Leadership Styles on Organizational Performance. Journal of Human Resources Management Research, 2018(2018), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5171/2018.687849
4. Aldhaheri, S., & Ahmad, S. (2024). The influence of transformational leadership on organizational performance and knowledge management capability. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 73(9), 2830-2857. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-10-2022-0532
5. Al-Haddad, S., & Kotnour, T. (2015). Integrating the organizational change literature: a model for successful change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 28(2), 234-262. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-11-2013-0215
6. Alves, S. J., Jugend, D., Chiappetta, J. C., Latan, H., Armellini, F., Twigg, D., & Andrade, D. F. (2022). Relationships among organizational culture, open innovation, innovative ecosystems, and performance of firms: Evidence from an emerging economy context. Journal of Business Research, 140, 264-279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.065
7. Ángel, S., & Ávila, P. E. (2022). Clima organizacional, convivencia escolar y desempeño profesional: triada importante en el contexto educativo ecuatoriano. Honoris Causa, 14(1). Obtenido de https://revista.uny.edu.ve/ojs/index.php/honoris-causa/article/view/101
8. Antonakis, J., Avolio, B., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003). Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. ScienceDirect, 14(3), 261-295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00030-4
9. Aspajo, Q. U., Tasayco, J. A., Magallanes, Y. E., & Angulo, P. D. (2025). Satisfacción laboral explicada a través de la cultura y el liderazgo organizacional. INVECOM, 5(1). Obtenido de https://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?pid=S2739-00632025000102102&script=sci_arttext
10. Asree, S., Cherikh, M., & Baucum, C. (2019). A review of leadership styles that affect project success. International Journal of the Academic Business World, 13(1), 36-46. Obtenido de https://jwpress.com/Journals/IJABW/BackIssues/IJABW-Spring-2019.pdf#page=44
11. Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421–449. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621
12. Bass, B. (1997). Does the transactional–transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist, 52(2), 130-139. Obtenido de https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1997-02873-003
13. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/t03624-000
14. Bass, B., & Avolio, B. (1993). TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE. Public Administration Quarterly, 17(1), 112-121. Obtenido de https://www.jstor.org/stable/40862298
15. Bass, B., & Avolio, B. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage. Obtenido de https://books.google.es/books?id=_z3_BOVYK-IC&lpg=PP11&ots=aUuYZdHkRN&dq=Improving%20organizational%20effectiveness%20through%20transformational%20leadership&lr&hl=es&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Improving%20organizational%20effectiveness%20through%20transformation
16. Bass, B., & Riggio, R. (2006). Transformational Leadership. New York: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
17. Behrendt, P., Matz, S., & Goritz, A. (2017). An integrative model of leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 229-244. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.08.002
18. Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership. ScienceDirect, 67(8), 1622-1629. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.09.006
19. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 138-157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12041
20. Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: The role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 64-75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.014
21. Caisa, Y. E., Ortega, N. W., & Arcos, A. A. (2022). El clima laboral y la productividad en las empresas comerciales Caso "EMPROVIT". Espíritu Emprendedor Tes, 6(4). Obtenido de https://www.espirituemprendedortes.com/index.php/revista/article/view/309
22. Canal, C. A., Ovalles, T. L., Sandoval, B. L., & Palazuelos, O. V. (2023). Liderazgo transformacional y su relación con la felicidad en el trabajo: Empresas sinaloenses del sector agroindustrial. Revista de ciencias sociales, 29(1), 79-94. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8822428
23. Chung, A. V. (2019). Impacto de la Cultura Organizacional en la Relación Liderazgo y Gestión del Conocimiento en las Escuelas Profesionales de la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. MATHEMA, 2(1). Obtenido de http://revistas.unprg.edu.pe/openjournal/index.php/MATHEMA/article/view/247
24. Dahiya, R., Le, S., & Kroll, M. (2025). Big data analytics and firm performance: The effects of human capital and mediating firm capabilities. ScienceDirect, 36(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsinno.2025.200535
25. Dahleez, K., & Abdelfattah, F. (2022). Transformational leadership and organizational performance of Omani SMEs: the role of market orientation. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(8), 3809-3825. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-08-2020-0447
26. Delaney, J., & Huselid, M. (1996). The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Perceptions of Organizational Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949-969. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/256718
27. Den Hartog, D., Van Muijen, J., & Koopman, P. (2011). Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00628.x
28. Díaz, D. A., & Toscano, M. J. (2022). El capital humano y la productividad de las empresas. Torreón Universitario, 11(30). Obtenido de https://camjol.info/index.php/torreon/article/view/13427
29. Díaz, T. P. (2024). Situación laboral y nivel de satisfacción en los graduados de la carrera Educación Comercial, UNAN-Managua. Respaldo, 9(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15359/respaldo.9-2.1
30. Dirks, K., & Ferrin, D. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611-628. Obtenido de https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2002-15406-001
31. Eagly, A., Johannsesen, M., & Engen, M. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569-591. Obtenido de https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2003-06077-007
32. Eisenbeiss, S., van Knippenberg, D., & Boerner, S. (2008). Transformational leadership and team innovation: Integrating team climate principles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1438-1446. Obtenido de https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2008-16251-019
33. Gallego, C., De Pablos Heredero, C., & Montes, J. (2021). The Impact of Customer Relationship Management Systems on Dynamic Capabilities at Firms: : An Application to the Banking Industry. Journal of Global Information Management, 29(1), 103-122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.2021010106
34. García, M. V., Jiménez, B. M., & Gutiérrez, G. L. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 65(7), 1040-1050. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.03.005
35. García, M. V., Jiménez, B. M., & Lloréns, M. F. (2011). Influencia del nivel de aprendizaje en la innovación y desempeño organizativo: factores impulsores del aprendizaje. Revista europea de dirección y economía de la empresa, 20(1), 161-186. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3418285
36. García, M. V., Lloréns, M. F., & Verdú, J. A. (2008). The Effects of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Performance through Knowledge and Innovation. British Journal of Management, 19(4), 299-319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00547.x
37. García, S. E., & Millones, L. D. (2023). Aceptación de la tecnología y su relación con el desempeño laboral de los teletrabajadores. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.28.e9.13
38. Getnet, A. B., Kero, C. A., & Debela, K. L. (2025). Transformational leadership and firm performance: a systematic literature review. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(29), 29. Obtenido de https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13731-025-00476-x
39. Gil, A., Rodrigo, M. B., & Morcillo, J. (2018). The effect of leadership in the development of innovation capacity: A learning organization perspective. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(3), 694-711. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2017-0399
40. Glambek, M., Skogstad, A., & Einarsen, S. (2018). Workplace bullying, the development of job insecurity and the role of laissez-faire leadership: A two-wave moderated mediation study. An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 32(3), 297-312. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1427815
41. Gómez, R. M., Proaño, C. T., & López, G. A. (2020). La relación entre el desempeño y el aprendizaje en las organizaciones. Panorama Económico, 28(3), 182–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32997/pe-2020-2700
42. Guerra, B. M., Añazco, C. K., Valdivieso, S. R., & Sánchez, C. Ó. (2018). Los estilos de liderazgo y su efecto en la satisfacción laboral. INNOVA Research Journal , 3(10). Obtenido de https://revistas.uide.edu.ec/index.php/innova/article/view/908
43. Harter, J., Schmidt, F., & Hayes, T. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279. Obtenido de https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2002-12397-006
44. Hilton, S., Madilo, W., Awaah, F., & Arkorful, H. (2023). Dimensions of transformational leadership and organizational performance: the mediating effect of job satisfaction. Management Research Review, 46(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2021-0152
45. Hoch, J., Bommer, W., Dulebohn, J., & Wu, D. (2016). Do Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership Explain Variance Above and Beyond Transformational Leadership? A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management, 44(2), 501-529. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316665461
46. Inoue, S., Nagata, T., Odagami, K., Purwito, A. N., & Mori, K. (2024). Relationship between Firm Size and Perceived Organizational Support and the Moderating Role of Supervisor Support: A Nationwide Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 66(5), E202–E206. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000003082
47. Judge, T., & Piccolo, R. (2004). Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 755-768. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755
48. Kaplan, R., & Norton, D. (2004). Measuring the strategic readiness of intangible assets. Harvard Business Review, 82(2), 52-63. Obtenido de https://oandre.gal/files/2013/12/HBR_Feb2004.pdf
49. Khaola, P., & Rambe, P. (2021). The effects of transformational leadership on organisational citizenship behaviour: the role of organisational justice and affective commitment. Management Research Review, 44(3), 381-398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-07-2019-0323
50. Mahmud, M., Shoalihin, S., & Hayat, N. (2023). Effects of Transformational Leadership on Employee Performance in Business Organizations: A Systematic Literature Review. Brilliant International Journal Of Management And Tourism, 3(2), 10-22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55606/bijmt.v3i2.1274
51. Mai, N. K., Do, T. T., & Ho Nguyen, D. T. (2022). The impact of leadership competences, organizational learning and organizational innovation on business performance. Business Process Management Journal, 28(5/6), 1391-1411. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-10-2021-0659
52. Márquez, O. T. (2020). Clima organizacional y desempeño laboral de las instituciones públicas de educación. Ciencia Y Educación, 1(4), 6-14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.48169/Ecuatesis/0104202020
53. Mendoza, S. M., García, A. J., & Avelar, S. L. (2020). El liderazgo transaccional: una revisión de literatura. UACJ, 12(1). Obtenido de https://cathi.uacj.mx/handle/20.500.11961/16031
54. Mera, M. K., & Loor, Z. H. (2021). Liderazgo y su relación con el clima organizacional en Hurona Market, cantón Portoviejo, Provincia Manabí. Polo del Conocimiento, 6(11), 700-717. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8219380
55. Mohammed, A. A., & AL-Abrrow, H. (2023). The impact of empowering and transformational leadership on organizational performance and innovation: the mediating role of shared leadership and moderating role of organizational culture in the Iraqi healthcare sector. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(7), 3532-3552. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-08-2022-3380
56. Montañez, H. d., Palumbo, P. G., Ramos, V. R., & Ramos, V. P. (2022). Estilos de liderazgo en organizaciones educativas: aproximaciones teóricas. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia(97), 170-182. Obtenido de https://www.produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rvg/article/view/37529/41123
57. Morales, G. R., Lozano, G. J., Ledesma, Z. A., & Cuevas, V. H. (2023). Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas: Investigación y Reflexión. Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 31(2), 73-89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18359/rfce.6701
58. Moreno, B. G., & Pineda, L. R. (2021). Cultura Organizacional y Desempeño Docente en Instituciones Públicas de Educación Superior. Revista Economía y Negocios, 12(2), 32-51. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8489724
59. Mutahar, A., Rasli, A., & Al-Ghazali, B. (2015). Relationship of Transformational Leadership, Organizational Learning and Organizational Performance. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(15), 406–411. Obtenido de https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/1527
60. Naranjo, J., Jiménez, Daniel, & Sanz, R. (2016). Studying the links between organizational culture, innovation, and performance in Spanish companiesEstudiando el vínculo entre cultura organizacional, innovación y desempeño en empresas españolas. ScienceDirect, 48(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2015.09.009
61. Neely, A., Gregory, M., & Platts, K. (2005). Performance measurement system design: A literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 25(12), 1228-1263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570510633639
62. Nguyen, T. T., Mia, L., Winata, L., & Chong, V. (2017). Effect of transformational-leadership style and management control system on managerial performance. Journal of Business Research, 70, 202-213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.018
63. Northouse, P. (2025). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Obtenido de https://books.google.es/books?id=V6AwEQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT16&ots=qNYHvqbQkN&dq=Leadership%3A%20Theory%20and%20practice%20(8th%20ed.)&lr&hl=es&pg=PT15#v=onepage&q=Leadership:%20Theory%20and%20practice%20(8th%20ed.)&f=false
64. Novitasari, D., Siswanto, E., Purwanto, A., & Fahmi, K. (2020). Authentic Leadership and Innovation: What is the Role of Psychological Capital? IJOSMAS, 1(1). Obtenido de https://www.ijosmas.org/index.php/ijosmas/article/view/1
65. Pedraja, R. L., Marchioni, C. Í., Espinoza, M. C., & Muñoz, F. C. (2020). Liderazgo y cultura organizacional como factores de influencia en la calidad universitaria: un análisis conceptual. Formación universitaria, 13(5), 3-14. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50062020000500003
66. Podsakoff, P. M., Bommer, W. H., Podsakoff, N. P., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Relationships between leader reward and punishment behavior and subordinate attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors: A meta-analytic review of existing and new research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99(2), 113-142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.09.002
67. Podsakoff, P., Mackenzie, S., & Bommer, W. (1996). Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citize. ScienceDiret, 22(2), 259-298. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(96)90049-5
68. Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Moorman, R., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
69. Quintanilla, C. J., & Barrera, A. M. (2018). Liderazgo y cultura. Influencia en la eficiencia organizacional. Revista Publicando, 5(14 (2)), 286-302. Obtenido de https://revistapublicando.org/revista/index.php/crv/article/view/1147
70. Rafique, M. A., Hou, Y., Chudhery, M. A., Waheed, M., Zia, T., & Chan, F. (2022). Investigating the impact of pandemic job stress and transformational leadership on innovative work behavior: The mediating and moderating role of knowledge sharing. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100214
71. Ramírez, T. W. (2022). Gestión del capital humano por competencias laborales en el contexto empresarial: una revisión de literatura. Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo, 23(1). Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8679439
72. Richard, P., Devinney, T., Yip, G., & Johnson, G. (2009). Measuring Organizational Performance: Towards Methodological Best Practice. Journal of Management, 35(3), 718–804. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308330560
73. Rivadeneira, M. J. (2022). La importancia del liderazgo en el logro de metas empresariales. Journal of Economic and Social Science Research, 2(4). Obtenido de https://economicsocialresearch.com/index.php/home/article/view/24
74. Robert, V., & Vandenberghe, C. (26 de Junio de 2020). Laissez-Faire Leadership and Affective Commitment: the Roles of Leader-Member Exchange and Subordinate Relational Self-concept. Journal of Business and Psychology, 36, 533-551. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-020-09700-9
75. Rodríguez, E. (2010). Leadership styles, organizational culture and effectiveness: An empirical study in small and medium firms. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 15(13), 629-641. Obtenido de https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864642382&origin=inward&txGid=4e870db4943559e6a2d8b4c732aea6c8
76. Rowold, J., & Heinitz, K. (Abril de 2007). Transformational and charismatic leadership: Assessing the convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the MLQ and the CKS. ScienceDirect, 18(2), 121-133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.003
77. Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S., Torsheim, T., Aasland, M., & Hetland, H. (2007). The destructiveness of laissez-faire leadership behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(1), 80-92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.1.80
78. Sumba, B. R., Chóez, R. S., & Pico, D. Y. (2022). Liderazgo Empresarial como factor de desarrollo de las Pymes. Dominio de las Ciencias, 8(1), 262-279. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8383376
79. Talwar, S., Kaur, P., Fosso, W. S., & Dhir, A. (2021). Big Data in operations and supply chain management: a systematic literature review and future research agenda. International Journal of Production Research, 59(11), 3509-3534. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1868599
80. Thomas, F. D. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 392-423. Obtenido de https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2008-02855-011
81. Ting, I. W., Sui, H. J., Kweh, Q. L., & Nawanir, G. (2021). Knowledge management and firm innovative performance with the moderating role of transformational leadership. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(8), 2115-2140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2020-0629
82. Top, M., Akdere, M., & Tarcan, M. (2015). Examining transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in Turkish hospitals: public servants versus private sector employees. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(9), 1259-1282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.939987
83. Tufiño, G. M., & Manobanda, R. P. (2022). Liderazgo y cultura organizacional en la Unidad Educativa 30 de Abril. 593 Digital Publisher, 7(Extra 5-3), 5-18. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8628113
84. Valencia, P. L., & Gamboa, S. J. (2023). Estilos de liderazgos y toma de decisiones en las Pymes de la zona 3 del Ecuador. 593 Digital Publisher CEIT, 8(Extra 2), 18-26. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8995425
85. Venkatraman, & Ramanujam, V. (1986). Measurement of Business Performance in Strategy Research: A Comparison of Approaches. Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801-814. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1986.4283976
86. Vera, M. M. (2021). La gestión de la calidad y su incidencia en el desempeño organizacional en una universidad pública ecuatoriana. Polo del Conocimiento, 6(7), 1269-1287. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9556453
87. Vidales, F. L., Mendoza, M. I., & Xochitototl, N. V. (2024). Influencia de estilos de liderazgo transformacional, transaccional y laissez faire en la responsabilidad social corporativa, la imagen y reputación, así como en variables de resultado organizacional. Contaduría y administración, 69(3), 324-347. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9364206
88. Villacis, Z. A., & Ferrin, P. A. (2022). El liderazgo institucional y su incidencia en el clima laboral para la formación de la interdisciplinariedad en el colegio Vicente Rocafuerte. 593 Digital Publisher, 7(1), 244-257. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8292501
89. Wagner, M. C., Barcia, R. C., & Santana, S. J. (2021). EL LIDERAZGO Y SU IMPACTO EN LA CULTURA ORGANIZACIONAL DE LAS EMPRESAS FAMILIARES DE ECUADOR. Observatório de la economía latinoamericana, 19(5), 1-11. Obtenido de https://ojs.observatoriolatinoamericano.com/ojs/index.php/olel/article/view/17
90. Wang, J., Wang, Z., Alam, M., Murad, M., Gul, F., & Gill, S. A. (2022). The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Affective Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831060
91. Wang, X., Hou, S., Qiongxin, L., Liu, Y., Wu, H., & Liu, Z. (2024). The association of social networks with the job performance of primary health care professionals: the mediating effect of knowledge sharing. frontiers, 11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1324939
92. Yin, K., Li, C., Sheldon, O., & Zhao, J. (2023). CEO transformational leadership and firm innovation: the role of strategic flexibility and top management team knowledge diversity. Chinese Management Studies, 17(5), 933-953. Obtenido de https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/cms-10-2021-0440/full/html
93. Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in Organizations, 8th edition. Pearson Education. Retrieved 19 de Abril de 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323294985_Leadership_in_Organizations_8th_edition
94. Yunis, M., Tarhini, A., & Abdulnasser, K. (Julio de 2018). The role of ICT and innovation in enhancing organizational performance: The catalysing effect of corporate entrepreneurship. ScienceDirect, 88, 344-356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.030
95. Zambrano, M. G., Ruiz, C. A., & Navas, B. W. (2020). Cultura y desempeño organizacional de la Unidad Educativa Arco Iris Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador. RECUS, 5(3), 1-10. Obtenido de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7765573
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Categorías
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Gustavo Lucero Apolo, Sharik Calero Aguila, Bill Serrano Orellana, Martha Aguirre Benalcázar
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
